How Does Steam Distillation Work

Steam distillation is a separation process used to purify or isolate temperature-sensitive materials, such as natural aromatic compounds. Steam or water is added to the distillation apparatus, lowering the boiling points of the compounds. The goal is to heat and separate the components at temperatures below their decomposition point. What Is the Objective of Steam Distillation? The advantage of steam distillation over simple distillation is that the lower boiling point reduces decomposition of temperature-sensitive compounds. Steam distillation is useful for the purification of organic compounds, although vacuum distillation is more common. When organics are distilled, the vapor is condensed. Because water and organics tend to be immiscible, the resulting liquid generally consists of two phases: water and the organic distillate. Decantation or partitioning may be used to separate the two layers to obtain the purified organic material. Principle Behind Steam Distillation When a mixture of two immiscible liquids (e.g., water and organics) is heated and agitated, the surface of each liquid exerts its own vapor pressure as though the other component of the mixture was absent. Thus, the vapor pressure of the system increases as a function of temperature beyond what it would be if only one of the components was present. When the sum of the vapor pressures exceeds atmospheric pressure, boiling begins. Because the temperature of boiling is reduced, damage to heat-sensitive components is minimized. Uses of Steam Distillation Steam distillation is the preferred method used to isolate essential oils. It is also used for steam stripping in petroleum refineries and to separate commercially important organic compounds, such as fatty acids.

MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Case Study

Essays on MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control Case Study The paper â€Å"MiPie Company   - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control" is a  delightful example of a case study on finance accounting. The case  study is a representation of a company that has considered outsourcing as one of the ways of increasing the profitability of the company in that it enables the costs as well as the expenses to be cut down. The company wanted to outsource the production of pies in order for it to concentrate more on the issue of brand imaging as well as sales development in the territories of the European Union. The differences as far as the issue of outsourcing came up when the marketing and production directors refused to support the finance manager’s opinion of going ahead with the issue. The reason as to they were against the idea was different also for the two of them (Mintzberg, 1979). The marketing director was aware that by doing it there was a probability of an increase in terms of five folds especially in the budget of marketing but this meant that after  £8million increase it will eventually lead to only  £5million increase in sales as well as a cost of  £4million even after the outsourcing is done (Finlay, 2000). Some of the factors that were considered include the expenses that will be incurred, the issue of old employees losing jobs so as to employ new ones who can be able to deal with the operations of the new project. This is also another factor of consideration due to the fact that it will mean new expenses for training them. A profitable proposal was then suggested which was to deal with setting up energy sources that are renewable. First, it is environmental friendly hence helping in environmental sustainability (Hill, Jones, 2007). The methane gas being produced is simply due to the reuse of waste and then the wind energy is due to harnessing of the wind hence no purchase of raw materials. It will help the company remain competitive yet reduce its cost of production as well as have a source of energy that is sustainable.Cost of the projects=  £15millionTotal Cash outflow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £10.7Total Cash outflow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £5.4Total Cash outflow in million = Total Cash outflow for wind turbines+ Total Cash outflow for wind wasteWater lagoon=  £10.7+ £5.4=  £16.1Total cash inflow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £15Total cash inflow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5= £8.06Total Cash inflow in million = Total cash inflow for wind turbines+ Total cash inflow for waste waterLagoon= £15+ £8.06= £23.06Net cash flow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £24.3Net cash flow for wastewater lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £12.66Total Net cash flow= Total cash flow for wind turbines+ Total cash flow for waste water =  £24.3+ £12.66=  £36.96Cumulative cash flow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £29.6Cumulative cash flow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £16.66Total Cumulative cash flow = Cumulative cash flow for wind turbines+ Cumulative cash flow for waste water lagoon =  £29.6+ £16.66=  £46.26Net profit = Total Cumulative cash flow - Total Net cash flow =  £46.26- £36.96=  £9.3

The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs Free Essays

The victory of Cortes over the Aztec was the result of certain military advantages the conquistadors enjoyed, as well as specific problems that weakened the Aztec people and made the empire more vulnerable. It is almost impossible to believe that a small amount of Spanish soldiers were able to conquer the mighty Aztec empire in this historic battle. As soon as Cortes and his army arrived to Mexico in 1519, where the Aztec used to live. We will write a custom essay sample on The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were kindly received by the emperor Montezuma, and their main goal of coming to Tenochtitlan was the gold. According to Sahagun, (2009), ‘’ when the Spanish had given the gold, they seemed to smile, to rejoice and to be very happy. Like monkeys they griped the gold’’, (p. 112). Despite their small number, the Spanish has defeated the Aztec, because of many advantages, such as the military technology they had, which were based on firearms, swords made by steel and iron and riding horses were a great advantage. Also, they had better weapon and a lot of the Aztec were scared of horses. Moreover, the Spanish looked like gods to the Aztecs, because of their aggression in killing people. What is more, the diseases that the Spanish carried, like smallpox and malaria, helped them a lot in victorious. â€Å" The pustules that covered people caused great desolation; very many people died of them, and many just starved to death; starvation regained, and no one took care of others any longer† (Sahagun, 2009, page 114). On the other hand, before the Spanish reached Mexico, there were many problems that faced the Aztecs, for example because of the Aztecs religion, it requested a large number of human sacrifices, which considered as an honor, where to be made to the Gods. â€Å" Once when Duran asked why the people were not content to sacrifice animals, he was told that the sacrifice of humans was the honored offering of a great lord â€Å" (Duran,2009,page 407). Furthermore, the Aztecs were not able to be united with other tribes, so the Spanish took this point as an advantage, by united with other tribes to fight the Aztecs. All of these factors were important reasons to destroy the Aztec’s civilization. In conclusion, the Spanish had no mercy in fighting with Aztec and they made many massacres back that time. They used many powerful battle methods against the Aztec, like swords, horses and diseases . Also, there were some interior troubles inside the Aztec society such as human sacrifices. after long battle between the Spanish and the Aztec and a long siege of the capital Tenochtitlan, where much of the population died from hunger and diseases. How to cite The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs, Papers

Extended Definition Essay - Ugly free essay sample

When looking at something that is displeasing to the eye, you are most likely going to describe it as ugly. The first and foremost use of the word ugly in our society comes when someone is describing the physical features of a person that appears different or strange to their own eye. We are quick to Jump to the conclusion that if what we see is not natural to us, Its ugly. Our fast pace society sometimes doesnt take the time to look past the first layer of a persons complex appearance. Its an evil that often hurts many people, places, or things.We often Judge before we learn and because of that we miss many opportunities to enhance our own lives because we tend to fear what we dont take the time to understand. Furthermore, the perception of ugly can be deceiving. Ugliness isnt only shown on the outside; a person can be attractive to the eye while on the inside the thoughts and the driving force behind them can be filled with ugly and monstrous intentions. We will write a custom essay sample on Extended Definition Essay Ugly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a parent warns their child to look out for strangers, the childs perception of a stranger is of an ugly or menacing person. However, more often than not, when a child is abducted by a stranger the outward appearance of that person is not what we would deem ugly, but the emotion or psychological feelings that the person carries inside them Is what really bears their ugliness. In conclusion, theres more to ugly than meets the eye. Its easy to judge someone based on their looks. But, looks alone cannot and will not ever define what someones true self Is. The outward appearance of a person doesnt show whats Inside.The ugly Inward emotions of a person cant be seen or Judged because they are often masked by a smile or a kind gesture. The old saying you cant judge a book by its is crucial when it comes to defining the true meaning of what ugly really is. A person can be labeled ugly but truly have a heart of gold. On the other hand, a person that is attractive and bares no outward appearance of what our society considers being an ugly person, can truly be one of the uglier out there in this world.If you take a deeper look within a person who is appealing and not at all outwardly ugly, you can find that its not only what you see on the outside that could make someone or something ugly, its also whats on the inside. When defining the word ugly, our society as a whole tends to use It very loosely and doesnt take the time to understand. If we all Just took a second to realize that being ugly means so much more than ones outward appearance, our world could very well become a less Judgmental place.Extended Definition Essay Ugly By edges When hearing the word ugly, one typically perceives it as the outward appearance someone or something is not the only way that ugly can be defined. When a person is not natural to us, its ugly. Our fast pace society sometimes doesnt take the time to we miss many opportunities to enhance our own lives because we tend to fear what deceiving. Ugliness isnt only shown on the outside; a person can be attractive to the psychological feelings that the person carries inside them is what really bears theirIn conclusion, theres more to ugly than meets the eye. Its easy to what someones true self is. The outward appearance of a person doesnt show whats inside. The ugly inward emotions of a person cant be seen or Judged because they are often masked by a smile or a kind gesture. The old saying you cant Judge a book by its cover is crucial when it comes to defining the true meaning of what ugly word ugly, our society as a whole tends to use it very loosely and doesnt take the time to understand. If we all Just took a second to realize that being ugly means so judgmental place.

How Moving Can Affect Teens free essay sample

It isnt easy for anyone to pack up and leave everything that is familiar and try to fit into a new environment. But its especially hard during a time in your life when there are already so many physical and emotional changes taking place in a young teens life. There is so many different ways a big move can have a impact on a teen , even if its a small or big impact teens still go through changes an some times lose great friends by moves. Some reasons behind a move can sometimes be upsetting, and that can add to the stress. A parent may be forced to take a job in a new city because of company layoffs or staff reorganizations. Sometimes a death or divorce in the family can lead to a move, or your family may have to move to take care of a sick family member such as grandparents. We will write a custom essay sample on How Moving Can Affect Teens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moving from place to place may be can be harder on teenagers living with only one parent in the house hold instead of two. If a 16 year old ,male or female has been going to the same school for over a few years an lo9ves where there life is at this point in there life comes home from school to find out that they have to move to a different state, wouldnt you think that would cause just a little bit of pain and anxiety? An average teen is probably already comfortable with the life that they life, the close friends they probably grew up with an for the to just have to up an leave would hurt them a lot. Its not only hurting the child its also hurting the parent to see there child so down an hurt. Being teenager is not always the best thing, especially when they have parents that move constantly from place to place, it can affect their life dramatically. Having to say goodbye to your friends, school and favorite hangout place is really hard. Not only saying goodbye but afraid of what is going to be like to the new place the teenager is moving. Parents should consider talking to their teenager instead of just forcing them to obey and turn them into rebels or change their personality. From my experience moving from place to place my life change constantly and I wasn’t who I was before. ‘ Saying goodbye to things you love most when you’re a teenager is rough. Teenagers don’t want to move far away from their friend they love most dearly or from the school that he or she is so popular. Having to say goodbye to all this things a teenager loves affects their emotions dramatically. The teenager will say right away â€Å"I don’t want to leave! † and start acting rebel.

Italian Slang Dictionary and Expressions

Italian Slang Dictionary and Expressions Want to understand common slang words and colloquial expressions in Italian? Below is an Italian slang dictionary with definitions in English. Italian Slang Dictionary A accidente m. nothing, zip; (lit.): an accident.alito puzzolente m. bad breath; (lit.): stinking breath.allocco m. a stupid person, a jerk; (lit.): an owl.alzare il gomito exp. to drink; (lit.): to raise an elbow.amore a prima vista exp. love at first sight: È stato amore a prima vista! It was love at first sight!avere un chiodo fisso in testa exp. to be fixated on something; (lit.): to have a nail fixed in the head. Tommaso pensa a Maria giorno e notte. Lui ha davvero un chiodo fisso in testa Thomas thinks about Maria day and night. Hes truly fixated on her. B balena f. a very fat man or woman, a fatso, fat slob; (lit.): a whale.beccare qualcuno v. to hit on someone, to pick someone up; (lit.): to peck.bel niente m. nothing, zip; (lit.): a beautiful nothing.bischero m. (Tuscany) a stupid person, a jerk.boccalone m. a big mouth, a gossip; (lit.): an enormous mouth. C ceffo m. (pejorative) ugly mug.chiudere il becco v. to shut up, to shut ones trap; (lit.): to close the beak.cicciobomba n. a fatso, fat slob; (lit.): fat bomb.colpo di fulmine exp. love at first sight; (lit.): a thunderbolt (of love).come il cacio sui maccheroni exp. just what the doctor ordered; (lit.): like cheese on macaroni. D da parte exp. aside.donnaccia f. (pejorative) slut, hussy.donnaiolo m. womanizer, playboy, flirt.due parole exp. a few words; (lit.): two words. E essere in gioco exp. to be at stake.essere nelle nuvole exp. to daydream; (lit.): to be in the clouds.essere un po di fuori exp. to be a little wacky, to be out of ones mind; (lit.): to be a little bit out. F fannullone m. a lazy bum; (lit.): do-nothing (from fare nulla, meaning to do nothing).fare il grande exp. to show off, to act like someone big; (lit.): to do the big.fare impazzire qualcuno exp. to drive someone crazy; (lit.): to make someone crazy.farsi bello(a) v. to doll oneself up.farsi una canna to have a joint.farsi una ragazza (trivial) to score with a girl.fuori come un balcone drunk.fuori di testa exp. to be out of ones mind; (lit.): to be out of ones head. G grassone/a n. a very fat man or woman, a fatso, fat slob.grattarsi la pancia exp. to twiddle ones thumbs; (lit.): to scratch ones stomach.gruzzolo m. nest egg.guastafesta n. a party pooper; (lit.): a party spoiler. I in gran parte exp. largely.in orario exp. on time.in verit exp. as a matter of fact.inghiottire il rospo exp. to eat crow; (lit.): to swallow a toad. L la vita di Michelaccio exp. the life of Riley.leccapiedi exp. brownnoser; (lit.): feet-licker.levataccia very early rising; fare una levataccia: to get up very early [or at an ungodly hour].libro giallo exp. detective or mystery story; (lit.): yellow book.limonare (familiar, regional) to make out.locale m. club or night club.   M mettere paglia al fuoco exp. to tempt fate; (lit.): to add straw to the fire.mettersi insieme exp. to start a serious relationship, to tie the knot.mollare qualcuno exp. to dump someone; (lit.): to let go of someone, to release someone.morire di/dalla noia exp. to die of boredom. N nocciolo della questione exp. crux of the matter.nuotare nelloro exp. to be rolling in money; (lit.): swimming in gold.nuovo di zecca exp. brand new; (lit.): new from the mint. O occhiataccia f. dirty look.oggi come oggi exp. as matters now stand.olio di gomito exp. elbow grease.ora di punta exp. rush hour. P parolaccia f. dirty word.piazzaiolo m. (pejorative) vulgar, mob-.pigrone/a n. a. a lazy bum (from the masculine noun pigro, meaning someone who is idle); (lit.): big lazy bum.pisello m. (popular) penis.portare male gli anni exp. not to age well; (lit.): to carry the years badly.puzzare da fare schifo exp. to stink to high heaven; (lit.): to smell/stink to disgust. Q quattro gatti exp. only a few people; (lit.): four cats. R ricco sfondato exp. rolling in money; (lit.): endlessly rich.roba da matti exp. crazy.rompere il ghiaccio exp. to break the ice.rosso come un peperone exp. as red as a beet; (lit.): as red as a pepper. S saccente (un/una) n. a know-it-all, a smart-ass; (lit.): from the verb sapere, meaning to know.saputo/a n. a know-it-all, a smart-ass; (lit.): from the verb sapere, meaning to know.scoreggia f. (pl. -ge) (vulgar) fart.scoreggiare v.i. (vulgar) to fart.scemo/a n. a stupid person, a jerk; (from the verb scemare, meaning to shrink or diminish).sfatto f. (trivial) worn out after a night of debauchery.sgualdrina f. (pejorative) trollop, strumpet, harlot, tart.spettegolare v. to gossip; (lit.): to tattle. T tabula rasa exp. a clean slate.tappo m. a very short guy; (lit.): cork.testona pelata f. a bald guy; (lit.): big peeled head.tirare un bidone a qualcuno exp. to stand someone up on a date or appointment; (lit.): to throw a trash can at someone.tutto sale e pepe exp. lively, cheerful; (lit.): all salt and pepper. U uggioso/a n. (Tuscany) boring; (lit.): an annoying person.ultima parola exp. last word, bottom line. V valere la pena exp. to be worth the trouble; (lit.): worth the grief or sorrow.vaso di Pandora exp. Pandoras box; (lit.): Pandoras vase.veloce come un razzo exp. as fast as a bullet; (lit.): as fast as a rocket.vivere alla giornata exp. to live from hand to mouth.volente o nolente exp. like it or not; (lit.): willing or unwilling. Z zitellona f. (pejorative) old maid. For more explicit expressions, try Italian Adult Slang.

Business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business communication - Essay Example Joe recently asked me if he could take his annual two-week vacation in the very near future. I have tried to get Joe to reconsider and possibly postpone this vacation because I know that our department will be extremely busy over the next few weeks. To this, Joe politely turned me down. However, it gets worse. What he then said to me was that he would not be returning after he has taken his annual leave. This is potentially a small problem for our department because it would take us at least two to three weeks to recruit and hire a qualified replacement. Also, I know that it is the company’s policy not to give paid vacations for employees who will not be working for at least three months after a vacation. I think that I have come up with a solution that will satisfy all parties, namely Joe Smith and our company. I have already discussed my opinion with Joe at length and he is willing to go along with what I am proposing. My idea is that Joe splits his annual vacation up into two parts—one week on two separate occasions. The first week would be taken almost immediately. Our department could manage without Joe for a week as long as we all pulled together. Then, after Joe has had a week off, he would return to work for the next three months. Because of this, his first week of vacation would be paid. During our busy period over the next couple of months, Joe would be working as hard as he always has. Once these three months are up, Joe would then take another week’s vacation. However, he would not be returning to work after this second week’s vacation period. The compromise would be that this would also be a paid vacation even though it goes against company policy. T his would be our company’s way of extending a hand in thanks that Joe worked three months longer than he planned to. Joe had originally planned to find another job after his two weeks of vacation—he already has a job lined up. Joe has

Final Report on Stocktrack Portfolio Adjustmnet Essay

Final Report on Stocktrack Portfolio Adjustmnet - Essay Example From the specified figures, it is evident that the final results exceed the expected results, which clear show that the performance of the market was good and so the prospects of investing in the market are positive in terms of maximum benefits and minimal risks. Actually, there is a high probability of the investor benefiting from his investments. Generally, the performance of the portfolio against benchmark index posted an outperformed portfolio. The outperformance can be attributed to improved economy that is just recovering from financial crisis thus enhancing investor’s confidence, vigorous positive public relations by organizations and the market that has played a key role in reducing consumer doubts and promoted their confidence in some organizations such as Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. that were victims of unsubstantiated rumors, and the need by market analysts to set new stock goal that reflects the real financial performance of the organization without the influence of external factors such as investor’s loss of confidence. The first bullish trend was caused by high prospects of economic growth as a result of stimulus package given to companies to protect them from going bankrupt. As a result of the bullish trend, the market underwent correction to reflect the reality of the performance of company in the market. Most of the stock was devalued and so the rate of investment in them went down, but after a while the companies started posting positive results hence stimulating confidence in the market . Adjustment 1, which is based on diversification concept worked better because the rate of return and correlation are independent and so the risk in the portfolio can be minimized without affecting the rate of return. Adjustment 3, which is based on trend analysis, did not work well for my analysis because it only shows the theoretic effects of investor’s demand on the stock. In addition, it does not show

Fundamental of International Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Fundamental of International Buisness - Essay Example rice. Iran exports millions of tons of wheat each year and its sugar exports annually exceeds 500,000 tons (the Iranaian). American businesses are banned from purchasing these products or selling U.S goods to Iran. If we were in the carpet importing business, there would be nothing to bar us from importing and selling Persian rugs from Iran. We are in the grain business, however, and U.S. law thereby prohibits us from conducting business with the country, which many know best for its militant takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979 and the subsequent taking of hostages. Many in the businesses community believe that the sanctions on trade with Iran not only hurt the Iranian people, they also cost American companies billions of dollars in lost revenues and jobs. The sanctions also expand the diplomatic divide between the US and many of its allies and hinder the ability for US businesses to participate in the world marketplace. Earlier this month, the Tehran Times published an article in which it announced that Irans Petropars Company has developed an offshore oilfield in the Caspian Sea and is in negotiation with a Turkish company as a contractor. That company will likely see profits in the billions of dollars as a result of this joint venture. Aside from the business aspect of renewing trade with Iran, there is also the humanitarian aspect. Many experts say sanctions hurt those very parts of the population which they are designed to protect. â€Å"A distinction between the Iranian people and the Iranian regime is long overdue. Aiming at sabotaging the Iranian economy will in the end only hurt the Iranian people who are not accessories to the deeds of their undemocratic regime. Similar economic sanctions have failed elsewhere. For example, seven years of rigorous sanctions against Iraq has unfortunately not caused a change in government, only immense suffering on the people," an editorial in the Iranian reads. Following the 1979 embassy takeover, the

Importance of Product and Service Design

Importance of Product and Service Design Design is the craft of visualising concrete solutions that serve human needs and goals within certain constraints. (Goodwin, Kim. 2009). Human engineering combined with product and business knowledge to generate ideas and concepts and convert them into physical and usable objects or services is called as product or service design. A designer should be creative and have analytical ability to create a user friendly, efficient and good looking product or service. The product must be good in design, value function and appearance. (Importance of product design, www.cirinodesign.com) Earning profit through satisfaction of the customers is the main target of the organisation. This is only possible if the product or service is designed well. Good design communicates the purpose of the product or service to its market and helps business to earn profit. We can say that the main objective of a good design is to satisfy customers by meeting their actual or anticipated needs and expectations. A good design of the product or service is only successful when it is delivered on time and cost is reasonable. Design helps business connect strongly with their customers by anticipating their real needs. As a result it enhances profitability to the business. (Slack, N. et al. 2010) When Issigonis designed the Morris Minor, he was unaware of its vulnerability and the design was not fully successful. It was a heavy vehicle for its overall size, slow and poor at cornering. The Mini, by contrast was capable of very fast cornering and low weight. John Cooper, fitted large engines in the Mini and created the Mini Cooper and Cooper S which, driven by Paddy Hopkirk among others, were hugely successful in rally sport. The model went on to win a total of 153 rallies in (1962) that year alone. This example shows the importance of the product or service design. (Mini Cooper S rally success, www.suite101.com) 3.1 Stages of Product or Service Design As we can see that there are five stages of product or service design in figure 3.1 below. The designers should pass through those sequences of stages to get a final design of a product or service. But in practice, designers may sometime recycle or backtrack through the stages. Figure 3.1 The stages of product or service design (Slack, N. et al., 2010) First comes concept generation stage, which is the main root of the whole process. It is the development stage of the concept which is later screened to try to ensure whether it is feasible, acceptable and its vulnerability. Then concept is turned to preliminary design and goes through evaluation and improvement to see if the concept can be served better cheaply and easily. Then the concept is subject to prototyping and final design. Concept Generation: Generally, in some organisation concept is generated form the research and development (RD) department. As its name states, research develop new knowledge and idea to grasp any opportunity or to solve any problem. And development is the attempt to try to utilize and operationalise the idea that come form research. Ideas for new product or service concept can come form customers, competitors and staffs as well. Regular customer who gives feedback and complains gives us an idea about how to improve the product and service. Staff who meet the customers day to day knows what their customers want which may be helpful to generate new idea. Concept Screening: The main purpose of this stage is to take the flow of concepts and evaluate them because not every concept generated will necessarily be capable of further development into product and services. Best design is chosen among the several designs by evaluation of their value. From large number of design concepts only one design is selected form the evaluation screens. We have to think in terms of the following design criteria: Feasibility: the ability of an operation to produce a process, product or service. Acceptability: the attractiveness to the operation of a process, product or service. Vulnerability: the risk taken by the operation in adopting a process, product or service. Preliminary Design: This is a stage after generating an acceptable, feasible and viable product or service concept, where first attempt of specifying the component products and services in the package and defining the process to create the package is done. Specify the components of the package Exactly what will go into the product or service will be defined in this stage. The order in which the component parts of the package have to be put together should be known earlier. Information of the constituent component parts of the product should be collected and the bill of materials (BOM), which is the quantities of each component part required to make the package should also prepared. For example, rifle shooting in adventure holiday, activities can be broken down into level one shooting practice and level two target shooting. Also the components for the rifle shooting (like a 22 air rifle, some shot, a back board, a target holder and card targets) are defined and bill of materials includes the quantity of those components. (Pycraft, M. 2000) Reducing design complexity When an organisation produces variety of goods and services with several ranges on those goods and services as a whole, it becomes complex and may increase costs. Designers as well as the producers want simplicity in their product and services. Designers adopt several approaches to reduce complexity in the design of the product and service. The three common approaches for the complexity reduction are: Standardisation: This is all about variety reduction of the product or services. For example, garment manufactures produce cloths in only a limited numbers of sizes. Commonality: This helps simplifying design complexity by using common elements within a product or service. Modularisation: Designing standardised sub-components of a product or service which can be assembled in different ways is the main principle of modular design. For example, a package holiday industry can assemble holidays to meet a specific customer requirement. (Slack, N. et al., 2010) Define the process to create the package The bill of materials and the product or service structure specify what has to be put together and this stage is to specify how the process will put together the various components to create the final product or service. We show the flow of materials or people through the operation and identify the different activities that take place during the process. Simple flow charts, routing sheets and process flow charts help us examine the process before any product or service design is finalised. (Pycraft, M. 2000) Design evaluation and improvement: In this stage preliminary design can be improved before the product or service is tested in the market. In other words, it involves re-examining the design to see if it can be done in a better way, more cheaply or more easily. Typical techniques that can be used in this stage to evaluate and improve the preliminary design are: Quality function deployment (ensures that the eventual design of a product or service actually meets the needs of its customers) Value engineering (try reducing costs, and prevent any unnecessary costs, before producing the product or service) Taguchi methods (tests the robustness of a design i.e. it assumes that the product and service should still perform in extreme conditions.) Prototyping and final design: This stage involves providing the final details which allow the product and service to be produced. It is risky to go to full production of the product or service before testing it out. So it is appropriate to turn the improved design into a prototype so that it can be tested. Many retailing organisations pilot new products or services in a small number of stores in order to test customers reaction to them. A fully developed design for the package of products and services are then finalised and delivered them to customers. (Pycraft, M. 2000) 4.0 Basic Layout Types The layout of an operation or process means, how its transformed resources (raw materials and components that can be transformed into end products) are positioned relative to each other and how its various tasks are allocated to these transforming resources (building, machinery and people). (Slack, N. et al. 2010) According to Slack 2010, most practical layouts are derived from only four basic layout types. They are: Fixed-position layout In fixed-position layout, transformed resources do not move between the transforming resources. In this layout the product or recipient of the service is too large to be moved conveniently, it might be too delicate to move. The main product being produced is fixed at a particular location. Resources, such as equipment, labour and material are brought to that fixed location. For example, building a ship the product is too large to move. Figure 4.1 Fixed-position layout (www.transtutors.com) Functional layout Functional layout can also be called as process layout. In this layout types similar operations or machines are located as per their functions or processes. This is because it is convenient to group them together, or that the utilisation of transforming resources is improved. For example, all lathes are kept in one location and drilling and milling work are done in other location. Greater flexibility and scope of expansion exist in this layout. Figure 4.2 Functional layout (www.transtutors.com) Cell layout Cellular layout can also be called as group layout because in this layout machines are grouped according to the process requirements for a set of similar items (part families) that require similar processing. Processes are grouped into cell using a technique known as group technology (GT). Group technology involves identifying parts with similar design characteristics (shape, size and function) and similar process characteristics. This type of layout is an attempt to reduce the complexity of process layouts. (Layout, www.referenceforbusiness.com) Figure 4.3 Group technology or cellular layout (www.transtutors.com) For example, in the figure 4.3 lathe, mining and drilling work is done in cell 1 and 3 and lathe, mining, grinding and assembly is done in cell 2. This shows parts, which are similar in design or manufacturing operations are grouped into one cell or one family. Product layout Product layout can also be called as line layout. In this layout, machine and operating facilities are located as per the sequence of operation on parts. In other words, transforming resources located as per the convenience of the transformed resources. The transformed resources flow as in a line through the process. This type of layout is preferred when production volume is high, demand is stable, part variety is less and the production is continuous. Figure 4.4 Product layout (www.transtutors.com) For example, in the figure 4.4 product A require same sequence of process i.e. lathe, mining, lathe, drilling and grinding. These are the basic layout types used in any operations management. Some operations can also design hybrid layouts which combine elements of some or all of the basic layout types in different parts of the operation. This type of layout called as mixed layouts.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun †Freedom :: Raisin Sun essays

A Raisin in the Sun – Freedom Have you ever found money coming between you and your family and disrupting love and life? Money can destroy families and change them for the worse. In the Raisin in the Sun, the author Lorraine Hansberry, uses events of her life to relate and explain how the Younger family, of Chicago's South side, struggles and improves throughout the book. One main cause for their family's problems is because of money and how it causes anger to control the family. The play deals with situations in which the family is dealing with unhappiness from money. Walter, the man of the house in the Younger family, tries impressing Travis, his son, too much with money instead of teaching him the more important lessons of life. Walter also dreams to invest in a liquor store and make a lot of money and becomes overwhelmed and badly caught up in his dream. Lastly, the Younger family is much too dependent on the check their Mama is receiving. The family has lost the fact that their mama tries to tell them, before, freedom was life but now money seems to have the controlling factor in life. When money becomes an obsession for a family, problems occur. Walter seems to be a good father to Travis, but starts to lose control by the end of the play. When with Travis, Walter relates too much to money, instead of focusing on their family fun in life. Walter tries to impress Travis with money and thinks that teaching Travis to be rich is the happiest way to go. In the play, it shows that Travis is becoming like his father and is starting to think about money at too young of an age. In scene two in Raisin in the Sun, Travis complains to his mother, Ruth, that he wants to work so he can earn some money. His father responds by giving Travis money and trying to impress him. Walter says to Travis, "In fact, here's another fifty cents... Buy yourself some fruit today or take a taxicab to school or something!"(Page 30). It is all right to be happy with money but it shouldn't be the reason to be proud of your family.

De Havilland Essay

Executive Summary De Havilland is a major player the Canadian aircraft manufacturing industry. Founded in 1928 by a British company, De Havilland has had multiple acquisitions by various organizations including the government. As of 1992, the organization was co-owned by the government of Ontario with 49% shares and Bombardier Inc. with 51%. The company’s strategic goal is to keep their competitive advantage by focusing on cost reduction through negotiating long-term contracts with various vendors to capture economies of scale as well as set a fixed cost to secure price stability. Although de Havilland’s existing flap shroud supplier was unwilling to accept the renegotiated 25% discount to the current price, the company had more than a year’s inventory left with the contract expiring in 1993. De Havilland decided that it would be appropriate to solicit suppliers. Nine submissions were received, with the cost difference between the lowest and highest bid at $2,061,180. Based on the information provided it was evident that Marton Enterprise had the most attractive proposal. Issue Identification Long Term – Strategic * Contract between de Havilland and Dollard Plastics of Montreal, Quebec for flap shrouds for Series 300A airplane will be expiring at the end of 1993. * Dash 8 airplane represented 60-65 per cent of de Havilland’s total manufacturing costs * De Havilland buyer tried to negotiate 25% discount from Dollard, but was rejected * De Havilland’s BSB is trying to implement cost reduction strategy by: * Partnering with smaller base of vendors to capture economies of scale * Commit to long-term contracts for a span of five years with firm, fixed prices Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Founded in 1928 by a British company, De Havilland has become a significant part of the Canadian aircraft manufacturing industry. As of 1992, the organization was co-owned by the government of Ontario that held 49% of the shares and Bombardier Inc. owning the remaining 51%. With multiple acquisitions by various companies and the government over the past half-century, the organization has implemented several activities into their operations. These activities implemented in different stages of the supply chain have successfully provided versatility in satisfying customers’ needs, from procurement to production. During Boeing’s ownership, de Havilland experienced tremendous evolution in their corporate processes. In particular the purchasing cycle is a noteworthy system developed during this time. In Exhibit 1 of the case study the diagram demonstrates the step-by-step procurement process the company goes through when it encounters a design change/new design, requiring sou rcing of a new part that has not been previously purchased before. Parties that are involved are mainly composed of representatives from Finance and Material departments. The level of management involvement depended on the size of the contract. De Havilland’s current issue was selecting a new vendor to source flap shrouds from. Dollard Plastics, a company based in Montreal, Quebec has been supplying flap shrouds for their Series 300A airplane, but their contract was about to expire at the end of 1993. With parts costs of the De Havilland’s Dash 8 accounting for 60-65% of the organization’s total manufacturing costs, the purchasing department attempted to request a 25% discount from Dollard as a strategy for cost reduction. However, their request for a lower price was rejected. With the failed renegotiation, the procurement process had to move back to bidder selection board stage. In addition to the cost reduction strategy mentioned earlier, de Havilland’s objective was to partner with a smaller base of vendors to take advantage of economies of scale. They would like to establish long-term cooperative contracts (i.e. five years) with fixed pricing so frequent negotiations won’t be necessary . Based on the nine RFQ submissions from various vendors, Marton Enterprise Inc. offered the lowest prices. With the comprehensive data and additional information that Kim Tomar obtained, it was evident there was great potential in a long-term business partnership with Marton. The difference between Dollard and Marton’s normalized bids total for the program was a whopping $2,061,180 ($2,810,174- $748,994), which could be a substantial saving amount de Havilland would be making. Marton has stated in their pricing proposal that their bid is a stand-alone pricing. This could mean it would be difficult for de Havilland to discuss a lower price than the proposed. The vendor has also stated from past history material costs typically increased 4% to 6% per year, and with that assumption which they have accounted they are willing to enter into a firm fixed price proposal with de Havilland from August 1992 to July 1997. Although Marton’s initial bid amount is quite attractive, de Havilland will have to take into account the possibility of Marton overstating their position in order to acquire the bid. This may become a strategic barrier that could become costly down the road. Another reason for such a significantly lower price offered by Marton could be the fact they may be compromising the quality of the materials or services. Lastly, it could just plainly be that Marton operates more efficiently than other vendors, thus able to incur higher savings. Whatever the case may be, de Havilland should conduct a thorough quality analysis of vendor production to determine whether Marton’s quality and cost levels are aligned with de Havilland’s expectations. Based on the reviews of past purchasing trends, forecasts conducted by representatives from the Finance and Material department, the Bidder Selection Board should have an idea of how much the parts should cost and if the prices submitted are realistic. De Havilland should also keep the other vendors who offered close bids in consideration (i.e. DAS Composites and Lakesides Industries). These bids would help in the negotiation process in strategically obtaining a potential value. With Kim Tomar’s recommendation to the Source Selection Board, SSB should establish low, target and authority price levels for one or more of the vendors and see which group provides the best offer. In terms of power relationships, it seems like it is a fairly level playing ground for both de Havilland and Marton. Based on the comprehensive data provided by Marton and the side documents obtained by Tomar it seems like Marton’s well-prepared proposal has gained them a high amount of seller power in the negotiation. At the same time, with the favorable bids de Havilland received from other vendors, they would be able to use those bids to help negotiate a good deal. At the bottom line though, it depends on how much power each company has to make decisions or if both would require approval from the parent companies. Alternatives Alternative 1 – Select Marton Enterprise as vendor based on analysis conducted for negotiation Advantages: Â  1. Lowest bid out of all nine bid submissions, providing substantial savings in manufacturing costs, more than the original targeted 25% discount 2. Establish a long-term contract with fixed pricing reducing the need for renegotiations 3. Potential for long-term relationship that would greatly improve operational efficiencies Disadvantages: 1. Quality and service might be compromised to reap savings 2. Puts de Havilland at risk if partnership with Marton is a poor decision (poor quality, service), may cause ripple effect 3. No BATNA in case negotiation does not succeed with Marton Enterprise Alternative 2 – Select Marton Enterprise, DAS Composites, and/or Lakeside Industries as vendors for negotiation . Advantages: 1. Provides a BATNA in case negotiation with Marton Enterprise fails 2. May open up other opportunities with sourcing of other parts 3. Can be used as a good negotiation tool Disadvantages: 1. Time consuming, may require more management involvement in the beginning to make decision Recommendation Based on the comprehensive data provided by Marton and the additional information that supports the credibility of the company, it would be best for De Havilland to select Marton Enterprise as vendor based on analysis conducted for negotiation. Implementation 1. After all the analysis and normalization has been conducted, de Havilland should inform Marton that they have been selected as the potential flap shrouds vendor. 2. As a team from the source selection board that is made up of Finance, Materials, Engineering and higher management personnel, they should meet with representatives from the other party to discuss the finer details of the agreement 3. They should review the proposal once again as a group and make modification of estimates 4. With a lawyer present, write out the outline of the contract 5. Once a draft has been made, each party should review it and schedule a time to meet again to sign the contract 6. Supply of flap shrouds will commence Monitor and Control De Havilland should assign staff from the source selection board that is already familiar with the vendor’s representatives to meet with the other party for periodic meetings. These meetings will allow both groups to review the progress, discuss issues that may have arise, and perform periodic quality assurance checkups/inspections. These periodic performance reviews and audits would confirm vendor compliance based on the agreement. References * Module 2 Procurement_Candidate Manual 2013 1.0.pdf * Module 2 Readings Manual 2013 1.0.pdf

Field Trip Day To The Museums †Creative Writing Journal Entry

Field Trip Day To The Museums – Creative Writing Journal Entry Free Online Research Papers Field Trip Day To The Museums Creative Writing Journal Entry On Tuesday the 1st of February we went on a field trip to the Market Theatre, Museum Africa and The Goodman Gallery. We watched a play performed at the Market Theatre, we looked at lots of historical items at Museum Africa and saw a few very original artworks at The Goodman Gallery. On the Road On the way to the museums, there was graffiti on the walls of some of the buildings. This graffiti is just a way for the common people to display their own artworks and to spread their own messages to whoever looks at it. Outside of Museum Africa there was graffiti high up on a wall and it displayed three messages: Good for the soul Believe in yourself The sky is the limit Museum Africa Once inside Museum Africa we had lots to look at in little time. There were quilts, photographs, ancient cameras, paintings and sculptures. This museum was great and some of the artworks and other pieces were outstanding There were many more sections in the museum, but time was short we had to move on to the Market Theatre. The Market Theatre Inside the Market Theatre we watched a play. It was about a university created by tribesmen to bring different tribes together, to teach the young boys about their roots and how they become men. The boys who attend this university will go through the procedure of becoming men. The play was amazing, the effects and the actors really made you feel the emotions within the play! I did not understand every word, but the acting explained it all to me. The Goodman Gallery Next we went to the Goodman Gallery, a high-class museum in Rosebank. It is not up to me to decide what is art and what is not, but I can decide for myself what is good art and what is bad art. Although many will disagree, but what I saw at the Goodman Gallery did not impress me at all. One of the drawings was like a child’s drawing and it cost about R50 000†¦why? Digital Tree No, this is not an artwork, it is just a digital image that has been created and we think it is not art. â€Å"†¦why we think of Leonardo as Art and an advertisement in a magazine as Not Art.† (Pointon, 1997: 3) The whole effect with the unrealistic branches on the tree drew my attention. It is interesting the way he created it and fitted the circuit boards to the branches almost exactly in place. Conclusion It was a successful trip, we saw a lot and learnt a lot, and this will help us to expand our creativity for the future. So overall, the Goodman Gallery was terrible for me, Museum Africa was really good, but the play was definitely the highlight of the day! Sources Marcia Pointon, History of Art a Students` Handbook 4th edition, 1997 Art Street Design, www.artstreetdesign.com Research Papers on Field Trip Day To The Museums - Creative Writing Journal EntryBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMind TravelAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andDefinition of Export Quotas

Free Essays on Book Review Of Huck Finn

Jim’s escape from freedom is not a well-laid out plan, just rather a lucky turn of events. Jim heard of being sold down river and ran away for the island in the river and if Huck didn’t fake his death and preoccupy the town Jim probably would have been captured. When the two got on the raft and headed down river Huck protected Jim in a couple of close encounters like in the small pox incident. After meeting the Duke and King Jim had a easier time of hiding out, yet his search for freedom took a back seat to the Duke and King’s greedy exploits. The King then turns around and sells Jim for $40 and Jim is locked away. Huck has a moral decision to make then whether or not to help Jim. I credit Huck with Jim’s freedom even if it was planned out Huck still did it. Like when being on the raft with Jim, Huck was glad to have company I don’t think he realized he was helping Jim. When the two slave hunters came up and questioned Huck, Huck was just saving his own skin and it just turned out to save Jim’s as well. With the Duke and King Huck made sure they helped hide Jim and when Huck was not around Jim was sold. In the end Huck finally realized he needed to help Jim and this time he was going to do it knowing he was helping Jim as where before he didn’t realize it. Even though Huck followed Tom in rescuing Jim in the end I would still credit Huck with Jim’s freedom. The question would be whether Huck knew what he was doing when him and Jim first took off on the raft. When Jim and Huck are on the river the two seem to enjoy some good times and seem to have some freedom. Their freedom is they do what they want and just lazy away the days. Huck is use to this because his old â€Å"unsiziled† ways is close to what they do on the river. Huck on the river does what he wants, when he wants, and does not have to explain himself to anyone just like it was on land before the widow tried to change him. Jim on the other hand probably neve... Free Essays on Book Review Of Huck Finn Free Essays on Book Review Of Huck Finn Jim’s escape from freedom is not a well-laid out plan, just rather a lucky turn of events. Jim heard of being sold down river and ran away for the island in the river and if Huck didn’t fake his death and preoccupy the town Jim probably would have been captured. When the two got on the raft and headed down river Huck protected Jim in a couple of close encounters like in the small pox incident. After meeting the Duke and King Jim had a easier time of hiding out, yet his search for freedom took a back seat to the Duke and King’s greedy exploits. The King then turns around and sells Jim for $40 and Jim is locked away. Huck has a moral decision to make then whether or not to help Jim. I credit Huck with Jim’s freedom even if it was planned out Huck still did it. Like when being on the raft with Jim, Huck was glad to have company I don’t think he realized he was helping Jim. When the two slave hunters came up and questioned Huck, Huck was just saving his own skin and it just turned out to save Jim’s as well. With the Duke and King Huck made sure they helped hide Jim and when Huck was not around Jim was sold. In the end Huck finally realized he needed to help Jim and this time he was going to do it knowing he was helping Jim as where before he didn’t realize it. Even though Huck followed Tom in rescuing Jim in the end I would still credit Huck with Jim’s freedom. The question would be whether Huck knew what he was doing when him and Jim first took off on the raft. When Jim and Huck are on the river the two seem to enjoy some good times and seem to have some freedom. Their freedom is they do what they want and just lazy away the days. Huck is use to this because his old â€Å"unsiziled† ways is close to what they do on the river. Huck on the river does what he wants, when he wants, and does not have to explain himself to anyone just like it was on land before the widow tried to change him. Jim on the other hand probably neve...

Paramedic science degree (Medical) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Paramedic science degree (Medical) - Essay Example We then supported her back while she slowly stood. With the help of a walker, she walked a few steps outside her room. When she expressed that she was getting tired, we assisted her to the wheelchair and wheeled her into the rehabilitation clinic. She was also a very anxious patient and feared that she might fall again and further injure herself. She was also feeling depressed and melancholy; she felt like there was no point in her trying to recover from her injuries. Feelings (What was I thinking and feeling?) I felt that the process of assisting the patient was a long and tedious process; but I knew that it was something we had to patiently undergo. This step by step process of transporting the patient from each point to the next helps prevent further injury and ensures that the patient would be able to safely regain her mobility and independence. Regaining mobility and independence after partial hip surgery is crucial to the patient’s recovery. In a study by Freburger (2000 , p. 448), the researcher was able to establish that physical therapy after hip arthroplasty helps to improve patient outcomes and to ensure home discharge. I felt that discharging the patient to home care would help calm and ease her anxieties; calming her anxieties about falling is essential towards achieving mobility and independence. Evaluation (What was good and bad about the experience?) What was good about the experience was that, I learned the importance applying safe methods of moving and transporting patients. Safely transferring and transporting the patient from one point to another requires technique and guidance from the physical therapist. I learned that all elements of the transfer and transport must be coordinated with all the members of the medical team in order to ensure the safe and stable transport of patients (Durch, p. 209). The physical therapist was able to teach us proper techniques of transferring the patient – techniques which were not too difficult for the patient to adopt while also being ergonomically safe for the transport team to apply. Ergonomically safe techniques in transporting patients help prevent injuries on the part of the transport team (Nelson and Baptiste, 2004). What I found bad about the experience was that I felt like the medical team was pushing the patient too hard. Granting that early mobility would help her regain her independence, I could see from the patient’s demeanour that she really was finding the process very exhausting. I felt that we needed to include counselling also to her treatment in order to help her deal with her anxiety and post-surgery depression. Depression after surgery, especially for the elderly is a common occurrence. Treating that depression helps ensure that she would do well during the rehabilitative process (McConnell, n.d., p. 3). Analysis (What sense can I make of the situation?) This situation emphasizes the importance of applying safe methods in the transfer and trans port of patients. Post-surgery patients, especially the elderly, already have compromised mobility, but it does not mean that they cannot move at all or that they will never regain their mobility. Learning the safe and appropriate ways to assist them in regaining mobility is an important function for the medical team. In the process however, the team must also learn how to

The role of Innovation and Convergence in Complicating ICT Regulation Essay

The role of Innovation and Convergence in Complicating ICT Regulation - Essay Example The paper tells that the concept of regulation entails a number of aspects including; a specific set of commands; a deliberate influence by the state; and socio-economic influences, all of which influence social or economic behaviour. The authors further argue that although regulation mainly elicits the perception of restricting behaviour and preventive of certain activities, it can also be viewed as facilitative/enabling. For instance, regulation permits and controls the use of airwaves, allowing for broadcasting which would otherwise be chaotic. Borras properly captures the relationship between regulation and ICT through a discussion on standards and innovation. Standards determine the interchangeability and interconnectivity of products and thus the overall technological evolution of the industry. However, the ICT environment is heavily revolutionary in terms of technology and regulator standards find it difficult to always keep up. The regulation of ICT presents with a number of challenges arising several different perspectives and contested issues about how the regulators should go about it. Whereas issues of IPR dominate the cyberspace, other areas in the ICT industry provide an opportunity to limit regulation and promote competition. For instance, elements in network industry value chains involve retailing to end-users where competition is feasible and thus limit the need for regulation. However, the limits to competition among the players in the telecommunications industry are uncertain due the impact of technology. (Baldwin, Cave and Lodge 2010, p. 501). Here, innovation and convergence play an important role in complicating regulation of the ICT sector, calling for equally inventive and capable strategies to ensure proper and healthy regulation. Role of Innovation in Complicating ICT Regulation Innovation in the ICT industry occurs at a much faster pace and from many different angles than in most other sectors. As the Regulation Reform Unit (2010, p. 5-6) argues, regulatory activities and agencies have the challenge of reflecting technological changes and market developments in the ICT environment. Regulation of the ICT sector impinges on many different aspects including competition, interconnection, management of spectrum, authorisation and price controls among other aspects (ICT Regulation Toolkit 2012). Innovation impacts all of these aspects of ICT regulation in different ways but all centering on the rate at which innovation occurs. In terms of competition and price controls, the horizontal and vertical innovations witnessed everyday in the ICT sector challenge the traditional paradigm of regulation which embeds in the economic sense. Technological developments have implications on existing market structures at the overall economic level. A stable format of regulation seeking to stabilise the ICT sector would not hold in some sections as innovations render what is today valuable absolutely unimportant tomorrow. To keep up, the regulatory mechanisms have to evolve and develop new ways of regulating the newly formed ICT market structure. This may

Reading responds Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading responds - Article Example Pentagon capitalism’s importance is paramount, since no other force other than military helped define and change the course of the technological history. The times in 1890s can be envisaged without the presence of much technological inventions in empires, but the importance of Pentagon capitalism is so much that we can not imagine the era of 1990s without nuclear weapons, other military related technologies used in warfare and also the internet. It was the military who launched the rockets, the satellites which ran the space programs (Misa, pg 190). Scientific mass-labor refers to the large number of people needed to synthesize and patent new dyes in the German Chemical industry resulting in taking in many scientists in the industry. Scientists went to universities and made discoveries in the laboratories contributing to the rise of Germany during the second Industrial revolution. Examples include Hoffman leaving London for University of Berlin and Caro leaving from Manchester to work with Bunsen in Heidelberg, Adolf Baeyer researching into natural products like indigo in Gewerbe Institute in Berlin, setting up of Hoechst dyeworks, commencement of alizarin factory. German’s were able to dominate and leave behind British people in the race of this second industrial revolution because they had a deeper understanding of the basics of science. Their works, researches and discoveries resulted in improvement of technologies which ultimately led them to rule over the world market. It led to the stabilization of innovation of te chnology (Science and Systems 2014). During the Second World War, two atomic bombs were being developed. Uranium- 235 was the most essential raw material for the Manhattan Project. It was utilized as fuel for reactors and its enriched form was used in the atomic bomb. The Gun-type fission atomic

Cosmic Redshift Essay Example for Free

Cosmic Redshift Essay The new Physics of Cosmic Redshift Introduction:As we all know that light travels from source in a straight line(ray) according to concepts of classical ray optics. Redshift is the phenomenon by which light rays from distant stars that are observed on earth, show smaller frequency (longer wavelength) i. e. shifted towards the â€Å"red† end of the visible light region. This phenomenon of redshift is conventionally explained by the well-known â€Å"Doppler effect†. But according to the book â€Å"QED: The strange theory of light and matter† by Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman Redshift occurs due to the quantum mechanical propagation of photons. The Problem:Edwin HUBBLE discovered that light from distant stars exhibits longer wavelengths or reduced frequencies than that from similar radiation sources on Earth. All specific frequency lines in the electromagnetic spectrum of distant cosmic radiation sources appeared shifted towards the red end of the visible spectrum. His discovery therefore was called â€Å"astronomic redshift† defined by the redshift ratio, z = ? / lo (1), ? l: the elongation of a specific wave length lo: the original wave length of emission at the source Frequency n and wavelength lo of the radiation are correlated by the velocity of light in vacuum, c = n x (2). From on its discovery the Redshift phenomenon was referred to the â€Å"Dopplereffect of wave dynamics†, occurs when the source and the receiver are moving relative to each other. Hence this theory proved that all the distant stars , galaxies are moving away from the Earth i. e the universe is expanding. The apparent radial recession velocity away from Earth can be calculated following the Doppler equation: n/no= (1-v/c) (3) n: a specific frequency of the arriving light, no: corresponding frequency of emission at the source v : the recession velocity of the source c the velocity of light in vacuum Simultaneously, HUBBLE discovered that the apparent recession velocity of cosmic radiation sources increases proportionally to their distance r from Earth: v = H x r (4), H means the famous HUBBLE-constant currently estimated at about 70 km/s per megaparsec or per 3. 6 million light-years. Hubble’s theory led the current view that the universe has formed from a gigantic explosion called â€Å" the Big Bang†, which spontaneously arose from a tiny volume of matter at unimaginably high temperature followed up by adiabatic expansion and the condensation of matter while cooling down. Apparently, this expansion process is still going on today. Following HUBBLE? s law (4), the escape velocity of an extremely distant galaxy might gain ultimately the velocity of light in vacuum, meaning its redshift ratio would theoretically equal unity. Physically of course, this is impossible nevertheless redshift ratios of z=5 and even z=7 have been measured in recent years showing supernova explosions, which apparently occurred further away from Earth than the age of the Universe postulated at about 14 billion light-years. In addition, as well known, various other inconsistencies weigh upon the Big Bang theory and many a scientist therefore questions this view. The new theory (methods used and result): The new theory uses the concepts from the â€Å"quantum electrodynamics†. He (Richard Feynman) explained the quantum mechanics of the linear propagation of photons. He showed that from the countless number of radiations that are emitted from the source only those are really effective which reach the source (cover the distance b/w them) via straight line and in close company i. e. when they cover the distance in the shortest possible time. All other dispersed photons take larger time to reach to the receiver and hence are ineffective. He said that the straight stream of photons emitted from the distant source to the Earth will meet/collide innumerous bodies (such as stars, galaxies, planets, comets, meteorites, grains, etc. hich are swirling around in the universe with a typical speed of few hundreds kilometers per second) through which the photons can not pass. When those bodies cross a straight ray of light, this ray will be interrupted shortly and all photons dropping onto the bodies will be removed from the stream independently of their individual energy or frequency. After many such interruptions only the few remaining photons will reach the Earth and the frequency of these radiations arriving on the Earth exhibit lower frequencies because the dispersed photons did not rech in time to the earth. Thus the frequency shifts towards the red end of the visible region (spectrum). As the number of interruptions depend (directly proportional) on the distance between the source and the destination, the redshift ration is also directly proportional to the distance between the source and the receiver ( Earth ). Thus this theory confirms the Hubble’s discovery that the redshift ratio depends upon the distance. HUBBLE? s law still implies another connection. When replacing in equation (4) the recession velocity v by the product z x c, i. e. y a fraction of the ultimate velocity of light, an interesting correlation arises: z = H/c x r (5). The constant factor H/c can be regarded as a modified HUBBLE-constant, which amounts to 0. 00023 per megaparsec or 0. 00007 per million light-years. This modified HUBBLE-constant signifies the loss of photons suffered by a beam of light, which has traveled one million light-years through the Universe. It is a very small loss of photons in fact ov er such big distance, confirming our experience that the Universe is largely empty of solid matter. The reciprocal of the modified HUBBLE-constant i. e. 1/0. 00007 gives 14 billion light-years, in accordance with the postulated age of our Universe following the conventional theory. However, the meaning is different. It shows namely that ordinary starlight cannot propagate further through the Universe than 14 billion lightyears. All photons grouped in a straight light beam from a remote source to the Earth would have got lost due to the absorption effect of celestial matter. Usually, we cannot look deeper into the Universe than this distance, corresponding theoretically to a redshift ratio of unity. However, what about those bigger redshift ratios of z=5 or even z=7, which have been observed in recent time? We know from nuclear physics that energetic radiation penetrating through a shielding medium will be absorbed according to the general correlation, E = Eo x e^ µ(gama) (6), E means the radiation energy behind the shield, Eo the energy of emission at the source, the absorption coefficient of the shielding medium and r the traveling distance through the medium. In the present case, it makes sense to take the modified HUBBLE-constant H/c as a cosmic photon absorption coefficient and r as traveling distance of a stream of photons through the Universe. The energy of photons emitted by a heat source corresponds to the well-known correlation, E = kxT (7), T: the surface temperature of the source k: is the BOLTZMANN-constant On the other hand, the photon energy corresponds to PLANCKs equation, E = h x n (8), h is the PLANCK-constant and n the frequency of the photons. From equations (6), (7), and (8) follow the correlations, n/no = T/To and E / Eo = e-H/c . r (9). Referring to the previous equations (1) and (2), one finds that the cosmic redshift ratio equals z = e H/c . r – 1 (10). The distance of a cosmic radiation source therefore can be estimated from its redshift ratio according to r = 1 / H/c x ln (z + 1) (11), with H/c = 0. 00007 per million light-year. For a redshift ratio of z=1, for instance, one finds 9. 9 billion light-years, and for z=5 a cosmic distance of 25. 6 billion light-years. Conclusion: -According to this new theory more accurate age of universe can be calculated -In contrast to the traditional redshift theory, the present new physics of cosmic redshift doesn’t show any upper limit of ‘z’ or any restricted age of our Universe respectively. Referring to the aforementioned equations, the cosmic redshift ratio also equals, z = To/T – 1 (12), i. e. it is proportional to the ratio of the surface temperature of a cosmic radiation source To and its apparent temperature T observed on Earth. The light rays from a remote cluster of galaxies at an average surface temperature of about 5800 °K as our sun would show the apparent temperature of 970 °K (700 °C) on Earth, when arriving from a cosmic distance of z=5 or 25. 6 billion light-years. This cluster, of which most of the photons got lost on the way to Earth, would be invisible to ordinary optical telescopes. However, cosmic radiation sources of much higher surface temperatures or bigger emission energy like supernova explosions would still be visible over such extraordinary distances, which largely exceed the age of our Universe as postulated from the big-bang hypothesis. taken from the paper itself) -In contrast to the conventional theory of cosmic redshift, the present new physics does not present any difficulty to explain those observations. In addition, this physics still offers another interesting conclusion.

Outline Academics Contexts Where English Is Important English Language Essay

Outline Academics Contexts Where English Is Important English Language Essay Oral presentation is synonyms with public speaking or speechmaking. Its may describe as a public speaking which is mean as delivering an address to a public audience. Public speaking also is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners. Oral presentation also means as a verbal presentation to a lecturer and possibly other students by an individual student. It may be on a topic researched by the student in the published literature or summary of project work undertaken. Oral presentations mostly deliver in English language. This is show how important to dominate the English language. Outline academics contexts where English is important Firstly, it is agreed that English are importance because English are the worldwide languages. English are the only language that truly links the whole world together. If not for English, the whole world may not be as united as it is today. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable. When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language. In countries like India, where the land is so vast with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. Under the circumstances, English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that English language is very important. All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of English language. In spite of the growth of Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in E-commerce and also in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. Speech in academic context In academic context speech has been very important. This is because when the teachers want to deliver their syllabus to the student they had to give speech to the student. In this situation of communication is same as transactional model. When student not understand they had to ask a question to the teacher and the teacher answer the question. This shows the process of transactional model communication use in academic. Need for speech training in English There is important to do speech training before doing an oral presentation. It is important to make sure that the pronunciation is correct so that the audience could understand the speech. Speech training also important because can make the speaker ready during the speech this is because when the speaker not ready they can lose their concentration during the speech. This can make the speaker feel nervous when they are not 100% ready. It is said that the voice projection also important during speech. This is because our audience can hear very clearly otherwise they feel sleepy and boring during our speeches. It is need to train our voice projection before speech. Speech training can avoid long pause and to prevent of using fillers such as um or er. Academic and professional public speaking skills and strategies Content of presentation Firstly what it is said is to have the content of presentation before start our speech. Choose a topic and know what to say during then speeches. Write down the content or scratch it to fit the content within the time limit. Think carefully about how much information that can reasonably present in the time allowed and select the most important point. The content must need to hold the interest and attention of the audience. Many people lose interest towards the end of presentations that contain too much information. Think carefully about the key points that us want to get across and build our presentation around them. Some kinds of information, such as technical explanations and tables of figures, are difficult for listeners to absorb during a presentation. Think about summarizing this kind of information or referring the listeners to a document they can read after the presentation. It is agreed that need to prepare the content of a presentation and think carefully about the key point s to make it easy to the audience to understand. Structure of presentation Most presentations will consist of an introduction, the body of the talk and a conclusion. Good presentations raise questions in the listeners mind. Good speakers encourage questions both during and after the presentation and are prepared to answer them. Introduction of presentation A good introduction can attracts and focuses the attention of the audience. It is also puts the speaker and audience at ease. It can explain the purpose of the talk and what the speaker would like to archive. It also gives an overview of the key points of the talk. It is often a good idea to begin a talk with a question, a short story, an interesting fact about your topic or an unusual visual aid. Many speakers follow this with an overhead transparency that shows the title, aim and outline of the talk. It is often a good idea to begin a talk with a question, a short story, an interesting fact about your topic or an unusual visual aid. Many speakers follow this with an overhead transparency that shows the title, aim and outline of the talk. The body of presentation The body of a presentation must be presented in a logical order that is easy for the audience to follow and natural of the topic. Divide the content into sections and make sure that the audience knows where they are at any time during the speeches. It is often a good idea to pause between main sections of the speeches. It is agreed to ask for questions, sum up the point or explain what the next point will be. It good to has an OHT with an outline of the talk on it, and can put this on the projector briefly and point to the next section. Examples, details and visual aids add interest to a presentation and help to get the message through. Conclusion of presentation It is important to have a good conclusion. This can reminds the audience of the key points and can reinforces the message. The conclusion should end the presentation on a positive note and make the audience feel that have used their time well listening to our speech. Questions of presentation Many speakers worry about questions from the audience. However, questions show that the audience is interested in the speeches and can make the talk more lively and interactive. Delivery of presentation Voice quality Voice is your main channel of communication to the audience, so make sure use it to its best effect. Volume Voice volume need to be loud and clear. Adjust the volume to the size of the room and make sure the people at the back can hear. In a big room take deep breaths and try to project the voice rather than shout. Speed and fluency Speak at a rate so the audience can understand the points. Do not speed up because have too much material to fit into the time available. Try not to leave long pauses while looking at the notes or use fillers such as um or er. Use pauses to allow the audience to digest an important point. Repeat or rephrase difficult or important points to make sure the audience understands. Clarity Speak clearly. Face the audience and hold the head up. Look directly at the members of the audience while deliver speeches to make the speeches clearly hear. Keep away notes and keep in eyes on the audience when are talking about overhead transparencies. When looking at the whiteboard or the overhead projector, stop a little bit and continue speech when ready to face the audience again. Pronunciation Before making the speech it is important to improve the pronunciation. Try to know how to pronounce names and difficult words. This is because to make audience understand the speech. Engaging the audience One of the secrets of a good presentation is to involve the audience. Maintain eye contact Try to look to audience in the eyes. Spread the eye contact around the audience including those at the back and sides of the room. Avoid looking at anyone too long because this can be intimidating. Ask for feedback Try to involve the audience by asking occasional questions. Try to ask genuine questions to which are not know the answer and show interest in any replies. Leave time for the audience to think and try to avoid answering the questions by ourselves or telling members of the audience that their answers are wrong. Questions to the audience work well when manage to make those who answer them feel that they have contributed to the presentation. Try to pause occasionally to ask if anyone has any questions. If a question disrupts the flow of the speech too much, try to answer it later (but dont forget to do it). Before asking for questions, make sure the speaker are ready to pick up their presentation again when the Q A session has finished. Look confident It is natural to feel nervous in front of an audience. Experienced speakers avoid looking nervous by breathing deeply, speaking slowly and avoiding unnecessary gestures or movements. Smiling and focusing attention on members of the audience who show interest can also help the speaker feel more confident when deliver speeches. Preparing overhead transparencies (OHTs) of presentation Purpose The aim of using transparencies is to support the points when making the speech. The audience will be able to follow better if they can see the key points and examples as well as hearing them. OHTs can Reinforce a point that have made Show what something looks like Illustrate relationships Show information patterns Present figures or graphs Summarize key points Help the audience follow passages or quotations OHTs are not the only form of visual aid available to the speaker. For example, if the speaker want to show what something looks like, it may be better to show the audience the thing itself rather than a picture of it. Design To be effective, OHTs must be attractive and easy to read. Some basic rules are: Use large fonts and images Present one key point or example per OHT Use headings and bullet points in preference to lines of text Use strong colors and dont use too many Use simple graphs in preference to tables of figures Pay attention to layout. Use the centre of the OHT rather than the edges Using overhead projectors Overhead projectors are designed to allow the speaker to project an image while facing the audience. The image may be a picture or graphic, notes indicating the points related to the speech. Whenever use an OHT, the attention of the audience will be divided between then speaker and the image, so there are a few basic rules to follow: Make sure the image can be seen. If possible go to the room in advance and check that everything on the OHTs can be read easily from the back of the room. If possible, make sure the projector is in a convenient position. Decide where the speakers want to stand when speaking and then position the projector where the speakers can get to it easily. This will usually be on the side of the body that normally use for writing (i.e. left side if left-handed) Keep the slides in order in a pile next to the projector and put them back in order in another pile as the speaker take them off the projector. If possible, control the lighting in the room so that there is always a light shining on the speaker. If the OHTs are easy to read, there is no need to turn off the lights. During the presenting, avoid looking at the projected image and the transparency on the projector. It is a good idea to print out the slides on paper to keep with the notes so that can refer to them while deliver the speech. If want to draw attention to a point on an OHT, put a pen on top of it and leave it pointing at the point that the speaker want to draw attention to. Dont point with the finger because this will have to look at the projector while do so. If want the audience to read longer texts on OHTs (e.g. quotations or tables of figures) give them time to do so. There is no point in putting an OHT on the projector if the audience does not have time to read it. Make sure explain the content and purpose of each OHT. The main rule is to use OHTs to support the point during presentation. Dont let them dominate it. OHTs and handouts Some speakers give handouts for the audience to read while they are talking. The advantage of OHTs over handouts is that they focus attention on the presentation. It is often a good idea to wait until the end of the presentation before distributing the handout. Often members of the audience want to note down points from the OHTs. This can distract them from following the presentation, so it is a good idea to distribute information that the audience will want to note down on handout. As soon as someone starts taking notes, tell the audience that they do not need to do so because they will get the information on the handout. Using notes during the speech One of the decisions before giving a presentation is how to remember what are the speakers going to say. Experienced presenters use a variety of methods. On this page we outline the advantages and disadvantages of each. It is up to the speaker to decide which is best for the speech. Speaking without notes Some presenters do not use notes at all. They just remember the outline of what they are going to say and talk. Advantages: If the speaker does it well, they will seem natural, knowledgeable and confident of the topic. They will also find it easier to establish rapport with the audience because they can give them a full attention. Disadvantages: It is easy to lose the thread, miss out whole sections of the talk or to go over the time limit. People who speak without notes often fail to convey a clear idea of the structure of their ideas to the audience. This is a high-risk strategy. A few people can present effectively without notes. Reading from a script Some experienced presenters write down every word they intend to say. They may read the whole script aloud or they may just use it as a back-up. Advantages: It is easier to keep within the time limit if there is likely to less nervous and make fewer mistakes. Disadvantages: It is difficult to establish rapport with the audience. This may sound like reading aloud rather than speaking to an audience. Listeners often lose interest in a presentation that is read aloud. This is a low-risk strategy employed by many experienced non-native speaker presenters. If the speakers use it, they will need to develop the skill of reading aloud while still sounding natural. Few people can do this effectively. Note cards Many presenters write down headings and key points on cards or paper. They use them as reminders of what they are going to say. Advantages: It is easier to establish rapport with the audience. The presentation will be structured but the speaker will sound natural. Disadvantages: It is difficult to keep within the time limit. If the notes are too brief, there is possibility to forget what are intended to say. This is a medium-risk strategy used by many experienced presenters and the one most often recommended. The disadvantages of note cards can be overcome if practice before the speech. Conclusion There is important for us to know what oral presentation is because someday we are going to deliver the speech. We must prepare our knowledge on oral presentation so when time is come we can handle speech very well. We also need to improve our English Language and learn more about grammar and pronunciation because English are important to use in oral presentation.

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities. Essay -- Business and Management S

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities. Direct Discrimination :- something like putting in the job advertisement â€Å"women need not apply†. Indirect Discrimination :- saying there’s a height limit such as a 6’4†. This will limit who can apply for the job. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 makes sex discrimination unlawful in employment, vocational training, education, the provision and sale of goods, facilities and services and premises. In employment and vocational training, it is also unlawful to discriminate against someone on the grounds that a person is married or, from December 2005, a civil partner, or on the grounds of gender reassignment. The Sex Discrimination Act prohibits direct and indirect discrimination and victimisation. Although not yet mentioned in the Act, case law has established that harassment/sexual harassment and discrimination because a woman is pregnant or on maternity leave are unlawful. Equal Pay Act 1970 The Equal Pay Act 1970 makes it unlawful for employers to discriminate between men and women where they are doing the same or similar work; work rated as equivalent; or work which is of equal value though different in nature. It covers both pay and other terms and conditions such as output and bonus payments, holidays and sick leave. European law has confirmed that the concept of equal pay prevents discrimination in relation to redundancy payments, travel concessions, employers’ pension contributions and occupational pension benefits. The Equal Pay Act applies to pay or benefits provided by the contract of employment. The Sex Discrimination Act covers non-contractual arrangements including benefits such as discretionary access to a workplace nursery or travel concessions. The Act does not give anyone the right to claim equal pay with a person of the same sex. In other words, any comparison must be with a person of the opposite sex. Racial Discrimination Race discrimination occurs when a person is treated less favourably on the grounds of race, colour, and nationality, ethnic or national origin. It is unlawful to discriminate against any worker on racial grounds. The Race Relations Act 1976 makes it unlawful to discriminate in:  · recruitment  · pay (including bonuses and shift premiums)  · other terms and conditions (e.g. holidays)  · ac... ...use she works part-time and he works full-time is unlikely to be a good defence to an equal pay claim. Parental Leave You have the right to take 13 weeks’ leave in respect of every child born after 15 December 1999. You must take the leave either before the child reaches his fifth birthday or five years have elapsed following his placement for adoption (or before his eighteenth birthday if earlier) or, in the case of a disabled child, before the child’s eighteenth birthday. Your employment continues during your leave. You have the right to return to your old job if your leave period lasted 4 weeks or less. If you took longer leave and it is not possible for you to return to your old job, you have the right to return to a similar job which has the same or better status, terms and conditions as your previous job. If you took parental leave immediately after an ordinary maternity leave, you are entitled to return to your old job. If the parental leave followed an additional maternity and it is not reasonably possible for you then to return to your old job, you have the right to return to a job with similar or better status, terms and conditions as your old post.

Chickens

As our society continues to advance, our technology does too. One of the most recent inventions of the food system are GMOs .GMOs are organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These genetically modified organisms are seen to have both negative and positive effects in our society.One of the many examples of genetically modified animals are chickens. The main effect that chickens have on humans is the amount of chemicals are put inside them affects the human system. According to an online article written by Ultius , there is a bacteria that was created in the early 1900s that makes the chickens grow at a faster rate in order for companies to produce more chicken products at a faster and lower cost. The effects of these decisions were not studied early on, however, as time went on we have seen that there is a rise for health defects that are brought on because of these bacterias being placed inside chickens. Our bodies were made to intake natural ingredients, now these ingredients are no longer found in any of the food we intake. There has been studies that show that our food is one of the biggest causes of cancer. A documentary titled â€Å"What the Health†speaks of the truth that is hidden from the consumer about their food. In the documentary a young man goes on a journey to bring light into the issues that go on with our food. He later finds that many of the government associations that are meant to be supporting healthy eating are instead promoting it. Because GMOs help animals grow faster, the producer is able to make more money off the product in a faster rate. Although, we often don't want to accept it most of the things in life are businesses; even feeding people. We would rather feed people something that can make them sick or hurt them if it means these big companies are Martinez 3making more money for it. The business of GMOs has grown so big throughout the world that it is very rare and expensive to buy organic food because there not enough people supporting the idea behind local-GMO-free farms. This isn't only bad for the humans health but for the chickens. Chickens size in 1957 used to be 905 grams but now they have increased up to 4,202 grams which is about 9.2 pounds , chickens die because of their size and can't walk without getting tired or resting. They feed chickens so they could have bigger breast. Chickens are mistreated, they are put in a tight cage that they don't even fit in, this has cause them to break their legs because they are to big to fit in that cage. Chickens aren't the ones that are getting modified but the crops are. The chickens may also include viruses and bacteria.when they feed the chickens the crops contain chemicals which is not safe. Although there are many negatives to genetically modified chickens there can also be positive impacts to our society because of this animals. According to Techrepublic this doesn't only help grow more food but it has a positive impact on economies, and social perspective. This doesn't only benefit humans but it also helps to stop the H5N1 which is a bird flu. Since the chickens are bigger and help give us more food it helps humans to consume. When you go to the store to buy chicken their breast are bigger than usual so you get to eat more . Since the crops that they feed to chickens are modified it's more environmentally-friendly that results in more sustainable food product and Genetically modified crops require less fertilizer and fewer pesticides. There's not that many benefits for the chickens but there's a really huge advantages for the farmers and consumers. The genetically modified Chickens help farmers make more money because they spend less money producing more food. This also helps out companies/ Martinez 4 restaurants. For example KFC , their chicken had been modified because when you get their.chicken breast they are the size of your hand, but we get more food out of it and even get leftovers so we could eat that later again and save some money. So this also helps benefit us because not only do we get more food but it helps our environment and makes it look beautiful and healthy , it contributes to the sustaining of better air and water quality. There are many Pros and Cons about this issue. For us students at Olympian High School this issue is being talked about everywhere in school. The senior class is reading † Farm Sanctuary† a book written by activist and owner of a non-profit organization that focuses on raising awareness for the abuse of animals and the GMOs being used in our food. My sister is currently a senior and is also part of the Common Senior Experience committee, she has told me about meeting Gene Baur, the author of the book. As our society advances problems start to come up more and more; now more than ever is this issue being talked about. The main cause of diseases now comes from our own choice. Big organizations continue to tell us that we have to be careful with what we eat, however, many people don't have the resources to do so. Organic and GMO-free food is expensive and often hard to find in everyday grocery stores. Even as children we have a hard time eating healthy because many of us do not get to decide what we eat because our parents make it for us and we have no choice in whether we want to eat it or not. There are many negative parts to this issue, but maybe if we were given simple solutions that everyone, no matter their social status could use, we could eat better and also help the animals. Gene Baur suggested growing a garden outside you home with fresh fruits and vegetables; although, doing this is a lot of work the benefits outweigh the cost. Starting a garden can help Martinez 5you get free healthy food that does not harm the animals. There isn't a big price tag that comes along with it either, buying seeds from stores costs as much as 79 cents. People can take different stands on the issue and solutions are very hard to find especially since this has become such a natural thing in our environment, but nothing is impossible to do. In conclusion Genetically modified organisms are one of the most advanced technology in the world. GMOs not only have negative but also positive impact in people, farmers, environment and chickens.This is a big issue in society that is affecting everyone that has both negative and positive impacts. Source cited: â€Å"The Dangers Of Eating Genetically Modified Chickens† By Dante, Published september 11 2014.https://www.ultius.com/ultius-blog/entry/the-dangers-of-eating-genetically-modified-chicken.html†Why Have Chickens Quadrupled In Size Since The 1950s?† By Melissa Cronin, Published October 7, 2014. https://www.thedodo.com/bigger-chickens-breed-select-754013461.html†Genetically Modified Chickens† By Seattle Organic Restaurants.http://www.seattleorganicrestaurants.com/vegan-whole-foods/genetically-modified-chickens/. â€Å"Farm Sanctuary† Gene Boura GMO Essay Galilea Martinez 2/17/2018Mr.DavisPeriod 6 Martinez 2As our society continues to advance, our technology does too. One of the most recent inventions of the food system are GMOs .GMOs are organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These genetically modified organisms are seen to have both negative and positive effects in our society.One of the many examples of genetically modified animals are chickens. The main effect that chickens have on humans is the amount of chemicals are put inside them affects the human system. According to an online article written by Ultius , there is a bacteria that was created in the early 1900s that makes the chickens grow at a faster rate in order for companies to produce more chicken products at a faster and lower cost. The effects of these decisions were not studied early on, however, as time went on we have seen that there is a rise for health defects that are brought on because of these bacterias being placed inside chickens. Our bodies were made to intake natural ingredients, now these ingredients are no longer found in any of the food we intake. There has been studies that show that our food is one of the biggest causes of cancer. A documentary titled â€Å"What the Health†speaks of the truth that is hidden from the consumer about their food. In the documentary a young man goes on a journey to bring light into the issues that go on with our food. He later finds that many of the government associations that are meant to be supporting healthy eating are instead promoting it. Because GMOs help animals grow faster, the producer is able to make more money off the product in a faster rate. Although, we often don't want to accept it most of the things in life are businesses; even feeding people. We would rather feed people something that can make them sick or hurt them if it means these big companies are Martinez 3making more money for it. The business of GMOs has grown so big throughout the world that it is very rare and expensive to buy organic food because there not enough people supporting the idea behind local-GMO-free farms. This isn't only bad for the humans health but for the chickens. Chickens size in 1957 used to be 905 grams but now they have increased up to 4,202 grams which is about 9.2 pounds , chickens die because of their size and can't walk without getting tired or resting. They feed chickens so they could have bigger breast. Chickens are mistreated, they are put in a tight cage that they don't even fit in, this has cause them to break their legs because they are to big to fit in that cage. Chickens aren't the ones that are getting modified but the crops are. The chickens may also include viruses and bacteria.when they feed the chickens the crops contain chemicals which is not safe. Although there are many negatives to genetically modified chickens there can also be positive impacts to our society because of this animals. According to Techrepublic this doesn't only help grow more food but it has a positive impact on economies, and social perspective. This doesn't only benefit humans but it also helps to stop the H5N1 which is a bird flu. Since the chickens are bigger and help give us more food it helps humans to consume. When you go to the store to buy chicken their breast are bigger than usual so you get to eat more . Since the crops that they feed to chickens are modified it's more environmentally-friendly that results in more sustainable food product and Genetically modified crops require less fertilizer and fewer pesticides. There's not that many benefits for the chickens but there's a really huge advantages for the farmers and consumers. The genetically modified Chickens help farmers make more money because they spend less money producing more food. This also helps out companies/ Martinez 4 restaurants. For example KFC , their chicken had been modified because when you get their.chicken breast they are the size of your hand, but we get more food out of it and even get leftovers so we could eat that later again and save some money. So this also helps benefit us because not only do we get more food but it helps our environment and makes it look beautiful and healthy , it contributes to the sustaining of better air and water quality. There are many Pros and Cons about this issue. For us students at Olympian High School this issue is being talked about everywhere in school. The senior class is reading † Farm Sanctuary† a book written by activist and owner of a non-profit organization that focuses on raising awareness for the abuse of animals and the GMOs being used in our food. My sister is currently a senior and is also part of the Common Senior Experience committee, she has told me about meeting Gene Baur, the author of the book. As our society advances problems start to come up more and more; now more than ever is this issue being talked about. The main cause of diseases now comes from our own choice. Big organizations continue to tell us that we have to be careful with what we eat, however, many people don't have the resources to do so. Organic and GMO-free food is expensive and often hard to find in everyday grocery stores. Even as children we have a hard time eating healthy because many of us do not get to decide what we eat because our parents make it for us and we have no choice in whether we want to eat it or not. There are many negative parts to this issue, but maybe if we were given simple solutions that everyone, no matter their social status could use, we could eat better and also help the animals. Gene Baur suggested growing a garden outside you home with fresh fruits and vegetables; although, doing this is a lot of work the benefits outweigh the cost. Starting a garden can help Martinez 5you get free healthy food that does not harm the animals. There isn't a big price tag that comes along with it either, buying seeds from stores costs as much as 79 cents. People can take different stands on the issue and solutions are very hard to find especially since this has become such a natural thing in our environment, but nothing is impossible to do. In conclusion Genetically modified organisms are one of the most advanced technology in the world. GMOs not only have negative but also positive impact in people, farmers, environment and chickens. This is a big issue in society that is affecting everyone that has both negative and positive impacts. Source citedâ€Å"The Dangers Of Eating Genetically Modified Chickens† By Dante, Published september 11 2014.https://www.ultius.com/ultius-blog/entry/the-dangers-of-eating-genetically-modified-chicken.htmlâ€Å"Why Have Chickens Quadrupled In Size Since The 1950s?† By Melissa Cronin, Published October 7, 2014. https://www.thedodo.com/bigger-chickens-breed-select-754013461.htmlâ€Å"Genetically Modified Chickens† By Seattle Organic Restaurants.http://www.seattleorganicrestaurants.com/vegan-whole-foods/genetically-modified-chickens/.â€Å"Farm Sanctuary† Gene Boura GMO Essay Galilea Martinez 2/17/2018Mr.DavisPeriod 6