How Does Steam Distillation Work

Steam distillation is a separation process used to purify or isolate temperature-sensitive materials, such as natural aromatic compounds. Steam or water is added to the distillation apparatus, lowering the boiling points of the compounds. The goal is to heat and separate the components at temperatures below their decomposition point. What Is the Objective of Steam Distillation? The advantage of steam distillation over simple distillation is that the lower boiling point reduces decomposition of temperature-sensitive compounds. Steam distillation is useful for the purification of organic compounds, although vacuum distillation is more common. When organics are distilled, the vapor is condensed. Because water and organics tend to be immiscible, the resulting liquid generally consists of two phases: water and the organic distillate. Decantation or partitioning may be used to separate the two layers to obtain the purified organic material. Principle Behind Steam Distillation When a mixture of two immiscible liquids (e.g., water and organics) is heated and agitated, the surface of each liquid exerts its own vapor pressure as though the other component of the mixture was absent. Thus, the vapor pressure of the system increases as a function of temperature beyond what it would be if only one of the components was present. When the sum of the vapor pressures exceeds atmospheric pressure, boiling begins. Because the temperature of boiling is reduced, damage to heat-sensitive components is minimized. Uses of Steam Distillation Steam distillation is the preferred method used to isolate essential oils. It is also used for steam stripping in petroleum refineries and to separate commercially important organic compounds, such as fatty acids.

MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Case Study

Essays on MiPie Company - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control Case Study The paper â€Å"MiPie Company   - the Achievement of the Marketing Budget and Effective Marketing Process Control" is a  delightful example of a case study on finance accounting. The case  study is a representation of a company that has considered outsourcing as one of the ways of increasing the profitability of the company in that it enables the costs as well as the expenses to be cut down. The company wanted to outsource the production of pies in order for it to concentrate more on the issue of brand imaging as well as sales development in the territories of the European Union. The differences as far as the issue of outsourcing came up when the marketing and production directors refused to support the finance manager’s opinion of going ahead with the issue. The reason as to they were against the idea was different also for the two of them (Mintzberg, 1979). The marketing director was aware that by doing it there was a probability of an increase in terms of five folds especially in the budget of marketing but this meant that after  £8million increase it will eventually lead to only  £5million increase in sales as well as a cost of  £4million even after the outsourcing is done (Finlay, 2000). Some of the factors that were considered include the expenses that will be incurred, the issue of old employees losing jobs so as to employ new ones who can be able to deal with the operations of the new project. This is also another factor of consideration due to the fact that it will mean new expenses for training them. A profitable proposal was then suggested which was to deal with setting up energy sources that are renewable. First, it is environmental friendly hence helping in environmental sustainability (Hill, Jones, 2007). The methane gas being produced is simply due to the reuse of waste and then the wind energy is due to harnessing of the wind hence no purchase of raw materials. It will help the company remain competitive yet reduce its cost of production as well as have a source of energy that is sustainable.Cost of the projects=  £15millionTotal Cash outflow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £10.7Total Cash outflow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £5.4Total Cash outflow in million = Total Cash outflow for wind turbines+ Total Cash outflow for wind wasteWater lagoon=  £10.7+ £5.4=  £16.1Total cash inflow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £15Total cash inflow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5= £8.06Total Cash inflow in million = Total cash inflow for wind turbines+ Total cash inflow for waste waterLagoon= £15+ £8.06= £23.06Net cash flow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £24.3Net cash flow for wastewater lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £12.66Total Net cash flow= Total cash flow for wind turbines+ Total cash flow for waste water =  £24.3+ £12.66=  £36.96Cumulative cash flow for wind turbines= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £29.6Cumulative cash flow for waste water lagoon= yr1+ yr 2+ yr 3+ yr 4+ yr 5=  £16.66Total Cumulative cash flow = Cumulative cash flow for wind turbines+ Cumulative cash flow for waste water lagoon =  £29.6+ £16.66=  £46.26Net profit = Total Cumulative cash flow - Total Net cash flow =  £46.26- £36.96=  £9.3

The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs Free Essays

The victory of Cortes over the Aztec was the result of certain military advantages the conquistadors enjoyed, as well as specific problems that weakened the Aztec people and made the empire more vulnerable. It is almost impossible to believe that a small amount of Spanish soldiers were able to conquer the mighty Aztec empire in this historic battle. As soon as Cortes and his army arrived to Mexico in 1519, where the Aztec used to live. We will write a custom essay sample on The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs or any similar topic only for you Order Now They were kindly received by the emperor Montezuma, and their main goal of coming to Tenochtitlan was the gold. According to Sahagun, (2009), ‘’ when the Spanish had given the gold, they seemed to smile, to rejoice and to be very happy. Like monkeys they griped the gold’’, (p. 112). Despite their small number, the Spanish has defeated the Aztec, because of many advantages, such as the military technology they had, which were based on firearms, swords made by steel and iron and riding horses were a great advantage. Also, they had better weapon and a lot of the Aztec were scared of horses. Moreover, the Spanish looked like gods to the Aztecs, because of their aggression in killing people. What is more, the diseases that the Spanish carried, like smallpox and malaria, helped them a lot in victorious. â€Å" The pustules that covered people caused great desolation; very many people died of them, and many just starved to death; starvation regained, and no one took care of others any longer† (Sahagun, 2009, page 114). On the other hand, before the Spanish reached Mexico, there were many problems that faced the Aztecs, for example because of the Aztecs religion, it requested a large number of human sacrifices, which considered as an honor, where to be made to the Gods. â€Å" Once when Duran asked why the people were not content to sacrifice animals, he was told that the sacrifice of humans was the honored offering of a great lord â€Å" (Duran,2009,page 407). Furthermore, the Aztecs were not able to be united with other tribes, so the Spanish took this point as an advantage, by united with other tribes to fight the Aztecs. All of these factors were important reasons to destroy the Aztec’s civilization. In conclusion, the Spanish had no mercy in fighting with Aztec and they made many massacres back that time. They used many powerful battle methods against the Aztec, like swords, horses and diseases . Also, there were some interior troubles inside the Aztec society such as human sacrifices. after long battle between the Spanish and the Aztec and a long siege of the capital Tenochtitlan, where much of the population died from hunger and diseases. How to cite The Victory of Spanish over the Aztecs, Papers

Extended Definition Essay - Ugly free essay sample

When looking at something that is displeasing to the eye, you are most likely going to describe it as ugly. The first and foremost use of the word ugly in our society comes when someone is describing the physical features of a person that appears different or strange to their own eye. We are quick to Jump to the conclusion that if what we see is not natural to us, Its ugly. Our fast pace society sometimes doesnt take the time to look past the first layer of a persons complex appearance. Its an evil that often hurts many people, places, or things.We often Judge before we learn and because of that we miss many opportunities to enhance our own lives because we tend to fear what we dont take the time to understand. Furthermore, the perception of ugly can be deceiving. Ugliness isnt only shown on the outside; a person can be attractive to the eye while on the inside the thoughts and the driving force behind them can be filled with ugly and monstrous intentions. We will write a custom essay sample on Extended Definition Essay Ugly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a parent warns their child to look out for strangers, the childs perception of a stranger is of an ugly or menacing person. However, more often than not, when a child is abducted by a stranger the outward appearance of that person is not what we would deem ugly, but the emotion or psychological feelings that the person carries inside them Is what really bears their ugliness. In conclusion, theres more to ugly than meets the eye. Its easy to judge someone based on their looks. But, looks alone cannot and will not ever define what someones true self Is. The outward appearance of a person doesnt show whats Inside.The ugly Inward emotions of a person cant be seen or Judged because they are often masked by a smile or a kind gesture. The old saying you cant judge a book by its is crucial when it comes to defining the true meaning of what ugly really is. A person can be labeled ugly but truly have a heart of gold. On the other hand, a person that is attractive and bares no outward appearance of what our society considers being an ugly person, can truly be one of the uglier out there in this world.If you take a deeper look within a person who is appealing and not at all outwardly ugly, you can find that its not only what you see on the outside that could make someone or something ugly, its also whats on the inside. When defining the word ugly, our society as a whole tends to use It very loosely and doesnt take the time to understand. If we all Just took a second to realize that being ugly means so much more than ones outward appearance, our world could very well become a less Judgmental place.Extended Definition Essay Ugly By edges When hearing the word ugly, one typically perceives it as the outward appearance someone or something is not the only way that ugly can be defined. When a person is not natural to us, its ugly. Our fast pace society sometimes doesnt take the time to we miss many opportunities to enhance our own lives because we tend to fear what deceiving. Ugliness isnt only shown on the outside; a person can be attractive to the psychological feelings that the person carries inside them is what really bears theirIn conclusion, theres more to ugly than meets the eye. Its easy to what someones true self is. The outward appearance of a person doesnt show whats inside. The ugly inward emotions of a person cant be seen or Judged because they are often masked by a smile or a kind gesture. The old saying you cant Judge a book by its cover is crucial when it comes to defining the true meaning of what ugly word ugly, our society as a whole tends to use it very loosely and doesnt take the time to understand. If we all Just took a second to realize that being ugly means so judgmental place.